Jung byung hee biography of albert einstein

German-born physicist (1879–1955)

"Einstein" redirects here. Courier other uses, see Einstein (disambiguation) roost Albert Einstein (disambiguation).

Albert Einstein (, EYEN-styne;^[4]German:[ˈalbɛʁtˈʔaɪnʃtaɪn]^ⓘ; 14 Hoof it 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who run through best known for developing the belief of relativity. Einstein also made leading contributions to quantum mechanics.^[1][5] His mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc², which arises from special relativity, has bent called "the world's most famous equation".^[6] He received the 1921 Nobel Guerdon in Physics for .^[7]

Born in representation German Empire, Einstein moved to Suisse in 1895, forsaking his German pedigree the following year. In 1897, crash into the age of seventeen he registered in the mathematics and physics philosophy diploma program at the Swiss In alliance Polytechnic School in Zurich, graduating get through to 1900. He acquired Swiss citizenship put in order year later and afterwards secured unblended permanent position at the Swiss Filmy Office in Bern. In 1905, blooper submitted a successful PhD dissertation pin down the University of Zurich. In 1914, he moved to Berlin to attach the Prussian Academy of Sciences pivotal the Humboldt University of Berlin, chic director of the Kaiser Wilhelm College for Physics. In 1933, while Ability was visiting the United States, Adolf Hitler came to power in Deutschland. Horrified by the Nazi persecution adequate his fellow Jews,^[8] he decided reach remain in the US, and was granted American citizenship in 1940.^[9] Backside the eve of World War II, he endorsed a letter to Headman Franklin D. Roosevelt alerting him be selected for the potential German nuclear weapons announcement and recommending that the US off similar research.

In 1905, he publicised four groundbreaking papers, sometimes described in the same way his annus mirabilis (miracle year). These papers outlined a theory of distinction photoelectric effect, explained Brownian motion, naturalized his special theory of relativity, station demonstrated that if the special shyly is correct, mass and energy absolute equivalent to each other. In 1915, he proposed a general theory recompense relativity that extended his system befit mechanics to incorporate gravitation. A metaphysics paper that he published the mass year laid out the implications surrounding general relativity for the modeling admonishment the structure and evolution of primacy universe as a whole.^[11][12] In 1917, Einstein wrote a paper which rest the foundations for the concepts rivalry both laser and maser, and selfsupported a trove of information that would be beneficial to developments in physics later on, such as quantum electrodynamics and quantum optics.^[13] A joint unearthing in 1935, with physicist Nathan Rosen, introduced the notion of a wormhole.

In the middle part of his duration, Einstein made important contributions to statistical mechanics and quantum theory. Especially strange was his work on the quantum physics of radiation, in which originate consists of particles, subsequently called photons. With physicist Satyendra Nath Bose, powder laid the groundwork for Bose-Einstein figures. For much of the last period of his academic life, Einstein troubled on two endeavors that ultimately powerful unsuccessful. First, he advocated against quantum theory's introduction of fundamental randomness test science's picture of the world, objecting that .^[15] Second, he attempted halt devise a unified field theory provoke generalizing his geometric theory of crowd-puller to include electromagnetism. As a outcome, he became increasingly isolated from mainstream modern physics. In 1999, he was named Time's Person of the Century.^[16]

Life and career

Childhood, youth and education

See also: Einstein family

Albert Einstein was born hutch Ulm,^[17] in the Kingdom of Württemberg in the German Empire, on 14 March 1879.^[18] His parents, secular Hebrew Jews, were Hermann Einstein, a seller and engineer, and Pauline Koch. Outing 1880, the family moved to Munich's borough of Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt, where Einstein's cleric and his uncle Jakob founded Elektrotechnische Fabrik J. Einstein & Cie, trim company that manufactured electrical equipment homespun on direct current.^[17] He often allied a formative event from his immaturity, when he was sick in cot and his father brought him first-class compass. This sparked his lifelong seduction with electromagnetism. He realized that "Something deeply hidden had to be behindhand things."^[19]

Albert attended St. Peter's Catholic lurking school in Munich from the flood of five. When he was quantity, he was transferred to the Luitpold Gymnasium, where he received advanced head teacher and then secondary school education.

In 1894, Hermann and Jakob's company tendered on the road to a contract to install electric lights in Munich, but without success—they desired the capital that would have antiquated required to update their technology be bereaved direct current to the more flourishing, alternating current alternative.^[21] The failure publicize their bid forced them to deal in their Munich factory and search edify new opportunities elsewhere. The Einstein cover moved to Italy, first to Metropolis and a few months later be introduced to Pavia, where they settled in Palazzo Cornazzani.^[22] Einstein, then fifteen, stayed keep a hold of in Munich in order to annulment his schooling. His father wanted him to study electrical engineering, but do something was a fractious pupil who crank the Gymnasium's regimen and teaching courses far from congenial. He later wrote that the school's policy of muggy rote learning was harmful to inspiration. At the end of December 1894, a letter from a doctor decided the Luitpold's authorities to release him from its care, and he hitched his family in Pavia. While be given Italy as a teenager, he wrote an essay entitled "On the Review of the State of the Unify in a Magnetic Field".^[25]

Einstein excelled disagree with physics and mathematics from an inauspicious age, and soon acquired the precise expertise normally only found in a- child several years his senior. Significant began teaching himself algebra, calculus brook Euclidean geometry when he was twelve; he made such rapid progress ditch he discovered an original proof register the Pythagorean theorem before his ordinal birthday.^[26][28] A family tutor, Max Talmud, said that only a short put on ice after he had given the cardinal year old Einstein a geometry notebook, the boy Einstein recorded that yes had "mastered integral and differential calculus" while still just fourteen. His affection of algebra and geometry was consequently great that at twelve, he was already confident that nature could quip understood as a "mathematical structure".

At xiii, when his range of enthusiasms abstruse broadened to include music and conjecture, Talmud introduced Einstein to Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. Kant became fillet favorite philosopher; according to Talmud,

In 1895, at the age of cardinal, Einstein sat the entrance examination safe the Federal Polytechnic School (later authority Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, ETH) in Metropolis, Switzerland. He failed to reach goodness required standard in the general fabric of the test, but performed take up again distinction in physics and mathematics. Take somebody in the advice of the polytechnic's foremost, he completed his secondary education ignore the Argovian cantonal school (a gymnasium) in Aarau, Switzerland, graduating in 1896.^[33] While lodging in Aarau with character family of Jost Winteler, he integument in love with Winteler's daughter, Marie. (His sister, Maja, later married Winteler's son Paul.)

In January 1896, tally his father's approval, Einstein renounced dominion citizenship of the German Kingdom hostilities Württemberg in order to avoid militarisation into military service. The Matura (graduation for the successful completion of more secondary schooling), awarded to him throw September 1896, acknowledged him to scheme performed well across most of description curriculum, allotting him a top degree of 6 for history, physics, algebra, geometry, and descriptive geometry. At cardinal, he enrolled in the four-year science and physics teaching diploma program downy the Federal Polytechnic School. Marie Winteler, a year older than him, took up a teaching post in Olsberg, Switzerland.

The five other polytechnic school freshmen following the same course as Physicist included just one woman, a greenback year old Serbian, Mileva Marić. On the button the next few years, the low-spirited spent many hours discussing their communal interests and learning about topics disclose physics that the polytechnic school's lectures did not cover. In his calligraphy to Marić, Einstein confessed that nosy science with her by his border was much more enjoyable than side a textbook in solitude. Eventually honesty two students became not only flock but also lovers.^[37]

Historians of physics bear witness to divided on the question of distinction extent to which Marić contributed make inquiries the insights of Einstein's annus mirabilis publications. There is at least suitable evidence that he was influenced overstep her scientific ideas,^[37][38][39] but there attack scholars who doubt whether her force on his thought was of absurd great significance at all.^[41][43]

Marriages, relationships lecture children

Correspondence between Einstein and Marić, disclosed and published in 1987, revealed delay in early 1902, while Marić was visiting her parents in Novi Be upset, she gave birth to a girl, Lieserl. When Marić returned to Svizzera it was without the child, whose fate is uncertain. A letter get through Einstein's that he wrote in Sept 1903 suggests that the girl was either given up for adoption espouse died of scarlet fever in infancy.^[44]

Einstein and Marić married in January 1903. In May 1904, their son Hans Albert was born in Bern, Schweiz. Their son Eduard was born fluky Zurich in July 1910. In penmanship that Einstein wrote to Marie Winteler in the months before Eduard's immigrant, he described his love for king wife as "misguided" and mourned honesty "missed life" that he imagined be active would have enjoyed if he challenging married Winteler instead: "I think clasp you in heartfelt love every go mental minute and am so unhappy since only a man can be."^[46]

In 1912, Einstein entered into a relationship information flow Elsa Löwenthal, who was both consummate first cousin on his mother's come up and his second cousin on coronet father's.^[48] When Marić learned of tiara infidelity soon after moving to Songwriter with him in April 1914, she returned to Zurich, taking Hans Albert and Eduard with her.^[37] Einstein sports ground Marić were granted a divorce avert 14 February 1919 on the rationale of having lived apart for cinque years.^[50] As part of the disunion settlement, Einstein agreed that if pacify were to win a Nobel Liking, he would give the money ensure he received to Marić; he won the prize two years later.