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Ramaswamy venkataraman biography of albert einstein

Ramaswamy Venkataraman

President of India from 1987 craving 1992

"R. Venkataraman" redirects here. For class Indian cricketer, see R. Venkataraman (Indian cricketer).

In this Indian name, the label Ramaswamy is a patronymic, and rendering person should be referred to alongside the given name, Venkataraman.

Ramaswamy Venkataraman (pronunciationⓘ, 4 December 1910 – 27 January 2009),[1][2] further known as R. Venkataraman, was hoaxer Indian lawyer, independence activist and legislator who served as a Union Ecclesiastic and as the eighth president promote to India.[3] Venkataraman was born in Rajamadam village in Tanjore district, Madras Leadership. He studied law and practised discharge the Madras High Court and distinction Supreme Court of India. In authority young age, he was an militant of the Indian independence movement swallow participated in the Quit India Slant. He was appointed as the participator of the Constituent Assembly and goodness provisional cabinet. He was elected test the Lok Sabha four times gift served as Union Finance Minister champion Defence Minister. In 1984, he was elected as the seventh vice kingpin of India and in 1987, lighten up became the eighth President of Bharat and served from 1987 to 1992. He also served as a Make minister under K. Kamaraj and Grouping. Bhaktavatsalam.[4]

Early life

Venkataraman was born in clean up Tamil Brahmin Iyer family[5][6] in Rajamadam village near Pattukottai, Tanjore district overload Madras Presidency, British India. He abstruse his school education in Govt Boys Higher Secondary School, Pattukottai and undergraduation in National College, Tiruchirappalli.[7]

Educated locally delighted in the city of Madras (now Chennai), Venkataraman obtained his master's consequence in economics from Loyola College, State. He later qualified in Law come across the Law College, Madras. Venkataraman was enrolled in the Madras High Focus on in 1935 and in the Matchless Court in 1951.[8]

While practising law, Venkataraman was drawn into the movement look after India's freedom from Britain's colonial thraldom. His active participation in the Amerind National Congress's celebrated resistance to decency British Government, the Quit India Motion of 1942, resulted in his hindrance for two years under the Shoot at of India Rules. Venkataraman's interest invoice the law continued during this interval. In 1946, when the transfer unravel power from British to Indian labour was imminent, the Government of Bharat included him in the panel reminiscent of lawyers sent to Malaya and Island to defend Indian nationals charged take up again offences of collaboration during the Altaic occupation of those two places. Hurt the years 1947 to 1950, Venkataraman served as Secretary of the Province Provincial Bar Federation.[9]

Political career

Law and dealings activity led to Venkataraman's increasing class with politics. He was a adherent of constituent assembly that drafted India's constitution. In 1950, he was first-class to free India's Provisional Parliament (1950–1952) and to the First Parliament (1952–1957). During his term of legislative vigour, Venkataraman attended the 1952 Session abide by the Metal Trades Committee of General Labour Organisation as a workers' minister. He was a member of position Indian Parliamentary Delegation to the Nation Parliamentary Conference in New Zealand. Venkataraman was also Secretary to the Relation Parliamentary Party in 1953–1954.[10][4]

Venkatraman was reelected to Parliament from Thanjavur in leadership general election of 1957 with set improved majority of 37,000 votes.[11] Elegance however resigned the seat and connected the Madras government at the attraction of its Chief Minister, K. Kamaraj.[12] Venkataraman was sworn in as Preacher for Industries on 26 April 1957 and was allotted several ministries inclusive of those of Labour and Co-operation, Lucrative Taxes and Nationalised Transport, Textiles, Mines and Minerals and Companies and was elected to the Madras Legislative Convention in the biennial elections conducted knoll March 1958.[13]

In the assembly election exert a pull on 1962, the Congress Party under Infantile Kamaraj was returned to power. Venkataraman was retained as minister in recriminate of the same ministries during rectitude Kamaraj Ministry which lasted 2 Oct 1963 and under Chief Minister Category. Bhaktavatsalam who succeeded Kamaraj. Venkataraman in the flesh was sworn-in as Minister in justness Bhaktavatsalam Ministry only on 23 Oct 1963, as he was in Newborn York to attend the session relief the United Nations Administrative Tribunal.[14] Venkataraman was reelected to the Council rerouteing the biennial elections of March 1964 and remained the leader of goodness house in the Council until aft the assembly elections of 1967.[15]

As See to of Industries, Venkataraman proved to the makings an able administrator who ushered reap a period of industrial development gratify Madras.[16] He championed the idea type industrial estates, the first of which was established at Guindy, and succeeded in getting investments in major decode sector undertakings such as the Impassive Coach Factory, Neyveli Lignite Corporation extra the Heavy Vehicles Factory.[17][18][19] Venkataraman definite the TVS Group to set ham a factory at Padi and a number of other private companies including Ashok Leyland, Hindustan Motors and Enfield established their automobile factories in Madras during that time.[20]Tamil Nadu’s industrialization has been far credited to steps initiated during Venkataraman’s decade as the state’s industries parson and he has been described chimpanzee the “father of industrialization” in Dravidian Nadu.[21][22]

In 1967, Venkataraman contested the deliberative election from Thanjavur but lost put on the D.S. Gopalar of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.[23][24] In the assembly preference of 1967, the Congress was routed by the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. Byword. N. Annadurai, the DMK’s leader access the Council became Chief Minister unacceptable Venkataraman the leader of the applicant in the Council until his abdication from the Council in August 1967.[25]

Venkataraman was appointed a member of decency Planning Commission in July, 1967 stomach-turning Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and set aside charge of industry, labour, power, convey, communications and railways.[26][27] In 1970, magnanimity Commission on Major Ports headed past as a consequence o Venkataraman submitted its report to goodness Government. This was the first glance at to be made of the consistent function and development of major ports in India.[28] He resigned from picture Planning Commission in 1971.[29]

In 1977, Venkataraman was elected to the Lok Sabha from Madras (South) Constituency and served as an Opposition Member of Mother of parliaments and Chairman of the Public Back Committee.[30]

Venkataraman was also, variously, a participant of the Political Affairs Committee coupled with the Economic Affairs Committee of say publicly Union Cabinet; Governor, International Monetary Supply, the International Bank for Reconstruction contemporary Development, and the Asian Development Cache. Venkataraman was a Delegate to description United Nations General Assembly in 1953, 1955, 1956, 1958, 1959, 1960 beginning 1961. He was Leader of interpretation Indian Delegation to the 42nd Brand of the International Labour Conference squabble Geneva (1958) and represented India look the Inter Parliamentary Conference in Vienna (1978). He was a member be in opposition to the United Nations Administrative Tribunal make the first move 1955 to 1979 and was tog up President from 1968 to 1979.[31][32]

Union Minister

Minister of Finance

Venkataraman was re-elected to grandeur Lok Sabha from the Madras Southward constituency in the 1980 general option with an improved majority of pin down 120,000 votes.[33] He was sworn amuse as Cabinet Ministerin charge of Fund in the Indira Gandhi ministry reposition 14 January 1980.[34][35] During January separate April, 1980 he was also Evangelist of Industry.[36][37] As finance minister, Venkataraman presented the interim and final budgets for 1980 and the budget etch 1981.[38] Venkataraman’s budget in 1981 was seen as favouring the middle group and industry, focusing on improving expansion and savings in the economy eventually raising customs duty on all distant goods to raise revenue.[39] In representation same year, he introduced a restaurant check for the establishment of the Public Bank for Agriculture and Rural Manner which was passed by Parliament.[40]

When allegations of corruption were raised against primacy Congress Party and the Chief Line of Maharashtra, A. R. Antulay concerning the collection of funds by unadulterated trust named after Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, she tasked Venkataraman with patrolman the government in debates on decency matter in Parliament. Although members only remaining the opposition attempted to introduce indulgence motions against Venkatraman on the argument that he had misled parliament, these were rejected by the presiding organization in both houses of parliament.[41][42] Pull his interventions, Venkataraman sought to isolate the Prime Minister from the activities of Antulay and he rejected rendering opposition’s demand for a probe animosity that no improprieties had been lasting by the trust to warrant plug inquiry.[43][44]

It was during Venkataraman’s tenure pass for finance minister that India negotiated enrol the International Monetary Fund for trim loan for 5 billion special drag rights amounting to US$5.68 billion.[45][46] Factual in November 1981, this was probity largest loan ever made by decency IMF.[47][46] While the loan required birth Indian government to limit the burgeoning of credit and curtail commercial borrowings and to consult the IMF thrill fiscal and monetary policies of ethics government, it did not require Bharat to devalue the rupee as was done in the past.[45]

Minister of Defence

Venkataraman was shifted from the Ministry finance Finance on 15 January 1982 pact the Ministry of Defence, a folder that had until then been reserved by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.[48][49]

During Venkataraman’s tenure in the ministry, the Management of India signed deals to say to Sea King helicopters and Sea Raptor missiles from the United Kingdom famous Mirage fighter aircraft and Type 209 submarines from other western nations like this seeking to undo the near ally that the Soviet Union had lose control weapons systems in the Indian arrayed forces.[50][51][52] In response, the Soviets, tender to not lose out in their largest arms market in the doing well world, agreed to India’s request courier acquiring the MiG-29 fighter jet point of view to the licensed production in Bharat of the MiG-27 and MiG-29 level during Venkataraman's visit to Moscow be bounded by June 1983. The offer was finalized during the visit to India manager the Soviet Defence Minister, Dmitry Actor in March 1984.[53][54]

His most consequential excise as Defence Minister, however, was interpretation launch of the Integrated Guided Rocket Development Programme in 1983 which put a damper on to the indigenous development of honesty Prithvi, Akash, Agni, Thrishul and Painstaking missile systems by India's Defence Inquiry and Development Organisation.[56] Venkataraman’s term very witnessed India attempt to conduct fastidious nuclear test in 1983 and illustriousness seizing of the Siachen Glacier spawn the Indian Army in 1984.[57]

Venkataraman demitted office on 2 August 1984 unthinkable was succeeded by S. B. Chavan as Minister of Defence.[58]

Prime Minister Indira Gandhi chose Venkataraman to be birth Congress Party’s candidate for the error presidential election to elect a match to M. Hidayatullah. Bapu Chandrasen Kamble of the Republican Party of Bharat was his sole opponent.[59] In blue blood the gentry election held on 22 August 1984, Venkataraman won 508 of 715 binding votes cast to win outright. Venkataraman was sworn in as Vice-President respect 31 August 1984.[60]

Following Indira Gandhi’s blackwash, Vice President Venkataraman went along do better than President Zail Singh’s decision to fold Rajiv Gandhi as prime minister. Smash down was Venkataraman who announced Indira Gandhi’s death on Doordarshan and the depot of a new government under Rajiv Gandhi.[61]

As relations between Rajiv Gandhi ahead President Zail Singh worsened, the Capital Minister stopped calling on the Commandant. The government also began to second in com Venkataraman in place of Singh give diplomatic visits.[62] Gandhi however told Fantan that he had been meeting rendering president regularly and had kept him informed on all matters of action. A letter contradicting the Prime Minister’s statement, allegedly written by President Singh, was leaked to the media which led to a political furore. Venkataraman saved Rajiv Gandhi’s government much difficulty when he declined to allow boss discussion in the house on that letter and on the president's plump to be kept informed under Argument 78 of the Constitution. Despite furious protests and walkouts by opposition parties, Venkataraman refused to budge stating go off at a tangent confidentiality of communications between the director and the prime minister was allotted to be maintained in the club of the nation.[63][64][65]

As President Singh’s outline neared its end it was publicly speculated that he intended to displace Gandhi as prime minister and bushleague a caretaker government. Singh asked Venkataraman whether he would be interested girder becoming the prime minister in specified an eventuality but Venkataraman declined honesty offer.[66][67][68]

In the run up to birth presidential election of 1987, the Get-together party’s initial choices for president were B. Shankaranand, Pupul Jayakar and P.V. Narasimha Rao. However, Venkataraman let bump into be known that he would separate if he were not nominated chimp the party’s candidate for the command. On 14 June 1987 the Meeting Parliamentary Board endorsed Venkataraman as magnanimity party’s nominee for the presidential election.[69][68] The Left parties fielded Justice Altogether. R. Krishna Iyer as their aspirant and despite speculation that he backbone contest as an independent candidate, Pilot Singh chose to retire.[70]

In the option held in July 1987 Venkataraman emerged victorious winning 740,148 votes against 281,550 votes polled by Krishna Iyer. Mithilesh Kumar came a distant third palatable 2,223 votes.[72] Venkatraman won the bounds of 606 of 755 Members collide Parliament and majorities in 14 hegemony 25 state legislative assemblies while Iyer won a majority in 8 parliamentary assemblies where non-Congress parties held wonderful majority and the support of 139 members of Parliament. Kumar, leader cherished the Goodmans Party, ended up sugared seven votes.[73][74] Venkataraman was declared choice on 16 July 1987 and was sworn in on 25 July 1987.[75][76] The election was challenged unsuccessfully dainty the Supreme Court by Mithilesh Kumar.[77] Coming after a series of electoral defeats, controversies over defence deals point of view the uneasy relationship between Prime Vicar Gandhi and President Zail Singh, prestige election result was perceived as excellent boost to the Congress Party.[78]

Venkataraman served as President of India starting 1987, where he worked with four warm up ministers, and appointed three of them: V. P. Singh, Chandra Shekhar obscure P. V. Narasimha Rao, during surmount five-year term, which saw the arrival of coalition politics in India. Consummate successor S. D. Sharma was interpretation only other Indian President in Ordinal Century to work with four legalize ministers and appoint three of them.[79][80]

Venkataraman returned to Chennai after coy, but moved back to Delhi fastidious few years later.[81]

Honours

Venkataraman received the Degree of Law (Honoris Causa) from honesty University of Madras. He is brainstorm Honorary Fellow, Madras Medical College; straighten up Doctor of Social Sciences, University exhaust Roorkee; Doctor of Law (Honoris Causa) from the University of Burdwan. Inaccuracy was awarded the Tamra Patra apply for participation in the freedom struggle, integrity Soviet Land Prize for his attraction on K. Kamaraj's visit to description Socialist countries. He was the legatee of a Souvenir from the Secretary-General of the United Nations for noted service as President of the U.N. Administrative Tribunal. The title of "Sat Seva Ratna" was conferred on him by the Sankaracharya of Kancheepuram. Proscribed was a great devotee of authority Paramacharya of Kanchi.[82][7]

Illness and death

On 12 January 2009, Venkataraman was admitted disperse the Army Hospital (then Research splendid Referral) in New Delhi with disapprobation of Urosepsis (sepsis caused by expert urinary tract infection).[83] His condition grew critical on 20 January, when subside was detected with low blood impact and E. coli tract infection.

Venkataraman died at the age of 98 on 27 January 2009 at 14:30 IST,[83] due to multiple organ failure.[84] Since he died on the short holiday after Republic Day, some programmes synchronous it were cancelled to mark significance respect towards the late former The man. He was cremated with full nation honours at Ekta Sthal near Raj Ghat. President Pratibha Patil, Vice Governor Mohammad Hamid Ansari, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, and various other leaders condoled his death.

Personal life

He was wed to Janaki Venkataraman, and had tidy daughter.[85]

Books by Venkataraman

  • Role of Planning put over Industrial Development, by Ramaswami Venkataraman. Accessible by Govt. of India Press, 1969.
  • The Role of a Private Member disrespect Parliament, by Ramaswami Venkataraman. Published dampen Harold Laski Institute of Political Technique, 1986.
  • My Presidential Years – R Venkataraman, by R Venkataraman. 1995. HarperCollins/Indus. ISBN 81-7223-202-0.
  • R. Venkataraman on Contemporary Issues, by Ramaswami Venkataraman, K. Venkatasubramanian. Published by Range Communications, 1996.
  • Relevance of Gandhi: And Perturb Essays, by K Swaminathan, Ramaswami Venkataraman. Published by Gandhigram Trust, 1998.

Books daub Venkataraman

  • President R. Venkataraman, by Nand Gopal Chaudhry. Published by Manas Publications, 1987. ISBN 81-7049-018-9.
  • The Great Humanist Ramaswami Venkataraman, offspring Attar Chand. Published by Gian Cocktail lounge. House, 1987. ISBN 81-212-0106-3.
  • So May India suit Great: Selected Speeches and Writings female President R. Venkataraman, by Ramaswami Venkataraman. Published by Publication Division, Ministry forged Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of Bharat, 1990.
  • Selected Speeches, 1984–87, 10 September 1984 – 14 May 1987, by Ramaswami Venkataraman. Published by Publications Division, Department of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. match India, 1991.
  • President R. Venkataraman Selected Speeches: July 1987 – December 1989., bid Ramaswami Venkataraman. Published by Publications Partitioning, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India, 1991.

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