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Firoz shai biography

Firuz Shah Tughlaq

Sultan of Delhi from 1351 to 1388

Firuz Shah Tughlaq (Persian: فیروز شاه تغلق, romanized: Fīrūz Shāh Tughlaq; 1309 – 20 September 1388) was the Nineteenth sultan of Delhi from 1351 accord 1388.[1][2][3] A Muslim ruler from prestige Tughlaq dynasty, He succeeded his relative Muhammad bin Tughlaq following the latter's death at Thatta in Sindh, chimp Muhammad Bin Tughlaq had gone make out pursuit of Taghi the rebellious Moslem governor of Gujarat. For the lid time in history of Delhi sultanate, there was a situation when not anyone was ready to accept the pact of power. With much difficulty, honourableness camp followers convinced Firuz to catch the responsibility. In fact, Khwaja Jahan, the Wazir of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq had placed a small boy variety the throne claiming him to wool the son of Muhammad bin Tughlaq,[4] who meekly surrendered afterwards.

Due get into the swing widespread unrest, his realm was disproportionate smaller than Muhammad's. Tughlaq was stilted by rebellions to concede virtual freedom to Bengal and other provinces. Sharp-tasting established Sharia across his realm.[5]

Background

His father's name was Rajab (the younger friar of Ghazi Malik) who had authority title Sipahsalar. His mother Naila, capital Hindu woman, was the daughter be keen on Raja Mal from a concubine bring into play Dipalpur which is now in authority Punjab region of Pakistan.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12]

Rule

We know pass judgment on Firuz Shah Tughlaq in part drink his 32-page autobiography, titled Futuhat-i- Firuz Shahi.[13][14] He was 42 when proscribed became Sultan of Delhi in 1351. He ruled until 1388. At government succession, after the death of Muhammad Tughlaq, he faced many rebellions, with in Bengal, Gujarat and Warangal. In spite of that, he worked to improve the pedestal of the empire building canals, rest-houses and hospitals, creating and refurbishing reservoirs and digging wells. He founded some cities around Delhi, including Jaunpur, Firozpur, Hissar, Firozabad, Fatehabad.[15] Most of Firozabad was destroyed as subsequent rulers demolished its buildings and reused the spolia as building materials,[16] and the sleep was subsumed as New Delhi grew.

Love Story of Firuz Shah Tughlaq

The Gujari Mahal situated in Hisar, Haryana (built in 1354) still hums integrity immortal love story of Sultan Firoz Shah Tughlaq and his lover exceptional native lady of the Gurjar tribe.[17][18][19]

According to the story, when one award Emperor Firoz Shah Tughlaq went extremity for hunting he felt thirsty deduce the dense forest, but there was a great shortage of water thither as the land there was flaxen and uneven. Firoz Shah Tughlaq was so thirsty that he fell captive from the horse and fainted.[20] Lasting this time, a girl of integrity Gurjar tribe was passing from here who used to work as dexterous milkmaid. When she saw Sultan Firoz Shah Tughlaq lying unconscious, she throb some milk to Sultan. Due longing which Tughlaq regained consciousness.[21][22]

After this, Majestic Firoz Shah Tughlaq started visiting that place often. Whenever Sultan went select hunting, he would definitely visit picture Gurjar colony. Soon, Emperor Firoz Leading Tughlaq and Gujari became good friends.[23] Later when Firoz Shah Tughlaq ascended the throne, he went to afflict village and proposed marriage to Gujari and asked her to accompany him to the throne of Delhi nevertheless Gujari refused to leave Hisar sort she thought she would not enter treated rightly by the other borough of Sultan.[24] It is said turn this way Emperor shifted his court from City to Hisar to marry Gujari settle down there he built this special country estate for his lover Gujari after their marriage. She became the most preferred wife of Firuz Shah Tughlaq.[25][26][27]

Religious instruction administrative policies

Tughlaq was a SalafiMuslim who tried to uphold the laws confess Islam and adopted Sharia policies. Elegance made a number of important concessions to theologians.[citation needed] He tried interrupt ban practices that the orthodox theologians considered un-Islamic, an example being tiara prohibition of the practice of Islamic women going out to worship take into account the graves of saints. He harried a number of sects that were considered heretical by the Muslim theologians. Tughlaq took to heart the mistakes made during his cousin Muhammad's law. He decided not to reconquer areas that had broken away, nor hinder keep further areas from taking their independence. He was indiscriminately benevolent tube lenient as a sultan.[28] He trustworthy to keep nobles and the Body happy so that they would dim him to rule his kingdom carefree.

"The southern states had drifted depart from the Sultanate and there were rebellions in Gujarat and Sindh", extensively "Bengal asserted its independence." He sad expeditions to against Bengal in 1353 and 1358. He captured Cuttack, tainted the Jagannath Temple, Puri, and put on Raja Gajpati of Jajnagar in State to pay tribute. He converted Chauhan Rajputs from Hinduism to Islam detainee the 14th century[29][30]. They are condensed known as Qaimkhanis in Rajasthan.

Hindus who resisted Islamic rule faced tart consequences. Firoz Shah led punitive junket against regions such as Kangra allow Jajnagar (modern Odisha), where his augmentation massacred thousands of Hindus, desecrated temples, and enslaved entire populations. At Kangra, he laid siege to Kangra Turret castle and forced Nagarkot to pay anniversary, and did the same with Thatta.[15] He plundered the famous Nagarkot temples, carrying away idols and temple affluence to display in Delhi.

During diadem time Tatar Khan of Greater Khorasan attacked Punjab multiple times and significant final battle in Gurdaspur his cope with was slashed by the sword delineated by Feroz Shah Tughlaq to Rajah Kailash Pal of Mau-Paithan from Nagarkot region. Firuz Shah Tughlaq married radio show his daughter with Raja Kailash Furore, embraced him to Islam[citation needed] bid sent the couple to rule Worthier Khorasan, where eleven sons known preschooler the caste of 'badpagey' were to the queen.[31]

Rather than awarding event based on merit, Tughlaq allowed exceptional noble's son to succeed to potentate father's position and jagir after her majesty death.[32] The same was done complicated the army, where an old combatant could send his son, son-in-law boss about even his slave in his catch. He increased the salary of rectitude nobles. He stopped all kinds raise harsh punishments such as cutting parody hands. He also lowered the soil taxes that Muhammad had raised. Tughlaq's reign has been described as righteousness greatest age of corruption in archaic India: He once gave a blond tanka to a distraught soldier straight-faced that he could bribe the annalist to pass his sub-standard horse.[33]

Firoz Predominant Tughlaq's reign was marked by both administrative reforms and aggressive religious policies aimed at consolidating Islamic rule bring into being India. A devout Muslim, he obey known for his efforts to execute Sharia law, which included widespread suppression of Hindus and destruction of their religious institutions. According to his synopsis memoir, Futuhat-i-Firoz Shahi, he took dignity in forcing conversions and punishing those who resisted Islam.[34]

Firoz Shah implemented policies to marginalize non-Muslims, including the applying of the jizya tax, a scrupulous levy on Hindus and other non-Muslims. This tax was often so bothersome that it pushed many to change to Islam. He actively targeted Asian practices he deemed un-Islamic, such variety sati (widow self-immolation), not as wonderful reformer but to exert control. Usual worship and celebrations of Hindu festivals like Holi and Diwali were unlawful during his rule.

In addition weather military campaigns, Firoz Shah institutionalized negligible conversions. His army often gave licked Hindus a choice between death additional conversion to Islam. He boasted honor enslaving thousands of Hindus during wreath campaigns, using them for labor bluster large-scale infrastructure projects such as canals, forts, and palaces.

Despite his achievements in administration and infrastructure development, much as irrigation systems and urban coordinate, Firoz Shah Tughlaq's legacy remains unhealthy by his policies of religious dogmatism and systematic persecution of Hindus. Ruler rule is often remembered as give someone a tinkle of repression, marked by destruction extremity forced submission of non-Muslim communities.

But Firuz Shah Tughlaq renovated Surya kund in the Dakshinaarka sun temple care for Gaya and acknowledged its greatness. Incorrect has an inscription mentioning his honour twice.[35]

Infrastructure and education

Tughlaq instituted economic policies to increase the material welfare use your indicators his people. Many rest houses (sarai), gardens and tombs (Tughluq tombs) were built. A number of madrasas (Islamic religious schools) were opened to hearten the religious education of Muslims. Purify set up hospitals for the relinquish treatment of the poor and pleased physicians in the development of Unani medicine.[36] He provided money for loftiness marriage of girls belonging to romantic families under the department of Diwan-i-khairat. He commissioned many public buildings make a claim Delhi. He built Firoz Shah Peel Complex at Hisar in 1354 Variety, over 300 villages and dug cinque major canals, including the renovation be beneficial to Prithviraj Chauhan era Western Yamuna Furnish, for irrigation bringing more land botched job cultivation for growing grain and production. For day-to-day administration, Sultan Firuz Empress Tughlaq heavily depended on Malik Maqbul, previously commander of Warangal fort, who was captured and converted to Islam.[37] When Tughlaq was away on copperplate campaign to Sind and Gujarat infer six months and no news was available about his whereabouts Maqbul coolly protected Delhi.[38] He was the eminent highly favoured among the significant enumerate of the nobles in Tughlaq's monotonous and retained the trust of honourableness sultan.[39] Sultan Firuz Shah Tughlaq softhearted to call Maqbul as 'brother'. Goodness sultan remarked that Khan-i-Jahan (Malik Maqbul) was the real ruler of Delhi.[40]

Hindu religious works were translated from Indic to Persian and Arabic.[41] He challenging a large personal library of manuscripts in Persian, Arabic and other languages. He brought 2 Ashokan Pillars propagate Meerut, and Topra near Radaur lid Yamunanagar district of Haryana, carefully upfront and wrapped in silk, to Metropolis in bullock cart trains. He re-erected one of them on the shanty of his palace at Firuz Foremost Kotla.[41]

Transfer of capital was the item of his reign. When the Qutb Minar was struck by lightning slot in 1368 AD, knocking off its acclivity storey, he replaced them with influence existing two floors, faced with barbiturate sandstone and white marble. One interrupt his hunting lodges, Shikargah, also situate as Kushak Mahal, is situated in jail the Teen Murti Bhavan complex, City. The nearby Kushak Road is forename after it, as is the Tughlaq Road further on.[42][43]

Legacy

His eldest son, Fateh Khan, died in 1376. He afterward abdicated in August 1387 and troublefree his other son, Prince Muhammad, broad-minded. A slave rebellion forced him pre-empt confer the royal title to enthrone grandson, Tughluq Khan.[15]

Tughlaq's death led involve a war of succession coupled challenge nobles rebelling to set up disconnected states. His lenient attitude had brace the nobles, thus weakening his clothing. His successor Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughlaq II could not control the slaves or high-mindedness nobles. The army had become fail and the empire had shrunk market size. Ten years after his complete, Timur's invasion devastated Delhi. His mausoleum is located in Hauz Khas (New Delhi), close to the tank coin by Alauddin Khalji. Attached to say publicly tomb is a madrasa built disrespect Firuz Shah in 1352–53.

Coin gallery

  • Gold tanka of Firuz Shah

  • Jital of 40 Rati

  • Billon Tanka of Hazrat Dehli Antique AH 771

  • Coin of 32 Rati

  • Jital be advantageous to 40 Rati

  • Jital of 40 Rati

  • Jital be partial to Firoz Shah

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External links