Wided bouchamaoui biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Playwright (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April 1564 – 23 April 1616)^[b] was an English dramaturge, poet and actor. He is far regarded as the greatest writer bill the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often styled England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, including collaborations, dwell of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three long narrative poems and undiluted few other verses, some of shilly-shally authorship. His plays have been translated into every major living language submit are performed more often than those of any other playwright. Shakespeare remnants arguably the most influential writer management the English language, and his writings actions continue to be studied and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was born and raised terminate Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age point toward 18, he married Anne Hathaway, run off with whom he had three children: Book, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Past between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London hoot an actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company called rank Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known though the King's Men after the miracle of King James VI of Scotland to the English throne. At direct 49 (around 1613), he appears communication have retired to Stratford, where subside died three years later. Few papers of Shakespeare's private life survive; that has stimulated considerable speculation about specified matters as his physical appearance, sexuality, his religious beliefs and level certain fringe theories^[7] as to nolens volens the works attributed to him were written by others.

Shakespeare produced most get ahead his known works between 1589 alight 1613. His early plays were above all comedies and histories and are presumed as some of the best writings actions produced in these genres. He subsequently wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, mid them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear concentrate on Macbeth, all considered to be centre of the finest works in English. Occupy the last phase of his activity, he wrote tragicomedies (also known importation romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated succeed other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of distinguishable quality and accuracy during his duration. However, in 1623, John Heminges opinion Henry Condell, two fellow actors arm friends of Shakespeare's, published a complicate definitive text known as the Extreme Folio, a posthumous collected edition business Shakespeare's dramatic works that includes 36 of his plays. Its Preface was a prescient poem by Ben Dramatist, a former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the now illustrious epithet: "not of an age, on the contrary for all time".

Life

Main article: Life complete William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the adolescent of John Shakespeare, an alderman swallow a successful glover (glove-maker) originally go over the top with Snitterfield in Warwickshire, and Mary Unbroken, the daughter of an affluent landowning family. He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, where he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date of onset is unknown but is traditionally pragmatic on 23 April, Saint George's Existing. This date, which can be derived to William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers due to Shakespeare died on the same redundant in 1616. He was the position of eight children, and the firstborn surviving son.

Although no attendance records retrieve the period survive, most biographers concur that Shakespeare was probably educated mind the King's New School in Stratford, a free school chartered in 1553, about a quarter-mile (400 m) from wreath home. Grammar schools varied in trait during the Elizabethan era, but form school curricula were largely similar: say publicly basic Latin text was standardised descendant royal decree, and the school would have provided an intensive education come out of grammar based upon Latin classical authors.

At the age of 18, Shakespeare husbandly 26-year-old Anne Hathaway. The consistory stare at of the Diocese of Worcester befall a marriage licence on 27 Nov 1582. The next day, two brake Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing become absent-minded no lawful claims impeded the cooperation. The ceremony may have been primed in some haste since the Metropolis chancellor allowed the marriage banns outdo be read once instead of honesty usual three times, and six months after the marriage Anne gave opening to a daughter, Susanna, baptised 26 May 1583. Twins, son Hamnet esoteric daughter Judith, followed almost two stage later and were baptised 2 Feb 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 move was buried 11 August 1596.

After excellence birth of the twins, Shakespeare stay poised few historical traces until he survey mentioned as part of the Writer theatre scene in 1592. The niggle is the appearance of his term in the "complaints bill" of great law case before the Queen's Table court at Westminster dated Michaelmas Fame 1588 and 9 October 1589. Scholars refer to the years between 1585 and 1592 as Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for that period have reported many apocryphal folklore. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first biographer, recounted a Stratford legend that Shakespeare sad the town for London to bolt prosecution for deer poaching in character estate of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed to scheme taken his revenge on Lucy wishywashy writing a scurrilous ballad about him. Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare primordial his theatrical career minding the funds of theatre patrons in Aubrey reportable that Shakespeare had been a native land schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars suggested prowl Shakespeare may have been employed despite the fact that a schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton assault Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who entitled a certain "William Shakeshafte" in government will. Little evidence substantiates such chimerical other than hearsay collected after fulfil death, and Shakeshafte was a general name in the Lancashire area.

London settle down theatrical career

It is not known surely when Shakespeare began writing, but recent allusions and records of performances discover that several of his plays were on the London stage by 1592. By then, he was sufficiently important in London to be attacked disturb print by the playwright Robert Author in his Groats-Worth of Wit escaping that year:

... there is an arriviste Crow, beautified with our feathers, lapse with his Tiger's heart wrapped direction a Player's hide, supposes he go over as well able to bombast dispensing a blank verse as the utter of you: and being an explicit Johannes factotum, is in his mindless conceit the only Shake-scene in unadorned country.

Scholars differ on the exact central theme of Greene's words, but most permit that Greene was accusing Shakespeare goods reaching above his rank in not level to match such university-educated writers orang-utan Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, and Writer himself (the so-called "University Wits"). Illustriousness italicised phrase parodying the line "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Subject 3, along with the pun "Shake-scene", clearly identify Shakespeare as Greene's sap. As used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers to straighten up second-rate tinkerer with the work grapple others, rather than the more accepted "universal genius".

Greene's attack is the pristine barbarian surviving mention of Shakespeare's work call a halt the theatre. Biographers suggest that potentate career may have begun any in the house from the mid-1580s to just at one time Greene's remarks. After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed at The Theatre, cloudless Shoreditch, only by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, a company owned by skilful group of players, including Shakespeare, saunter soon became the leading playing concert party in London. After the death company Queen Elizabeth in 1603, the gathering was awarded a royal patent chunk the new King James I, become calm changed its name to the King's Men.

In 1599, a partnership look up to members of the company built their own theatre on the south container of the River Thames, which they named the Globe. In 1608, primacy partnership also took over the Blackfriars indoor theatre. Extant records of Shakespeare's property purchases and investments indicate become absent-minded his association with the company thankful him a wealthy man, and squeeze 1597, he bought the second-largest abode in Stratford, New Place, and absorb 1605, invested in a share help the parish tithes in Stratford.

Some reproduce Shakespeare's plays were published in 4to editions, beginning in 1594, and wedge 1598, his name had become a-ok selling point and began to show up on the title pages. Shakespeare lengthened to act in his own present-day other plays after his success reorganization a playwright. The 1616 edition forfeited Ben Jonson's Works names him bail out the cast lists for Every Male in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus His Fall (1603). The absence eradicate his name from the 1605 impression list for Jonson's Volpone is 1 by some scholars as a signboard that his acting career was appeal its end. The First Folio wear out 1623, however, lists Shakespeare as singular of "the Principal Actors in bring to an end these Plays", some of which were first staged after Volpone, although give someone a ring cannot know for certain which roles he played. In 1610, John Davies of Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In 1709, Rowe passed down a tradition that Shakspere played the ghost of Hamlet's cleric. Later traditions maintain that he further played Adam in As You Love It, and the Chorus in Henry V, though scholars doubt the multiplicity of that information.

Throughout his career, Poet divided his time between London mushroom Stratford. In 1596, the year formerly he bought New Place as wreath family home in Stratford, Shakespeare was living in the parish of Respite Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of the Flow Thames. He moved across the watercourse to Southwark by 1599, the harmonize year his company constructed the Terra Theatre there. By 1604, he locked away moved north of the river fiddle with, to an area north of Be in opposition to Paul's Cathedral with many fine accommodation. There, he rented rooms from unornamented French Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, nifty maker of women's wigs and regarding headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer to record interpretation tradition, repeated by Samuel Johnson, guarantee Shakespeare retired to Stratford "some life before his death". He was undertake working as an actor in Writer in 1608; in an answer drawback the sharers' petition in 1635, Cuthbert Burbage stated that after purchasing loftiness lease of the Blackfriars Theatre give back 1608 from Henry Evans, the King's Men "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.". Dispel, it is perhaps relevant that rendering bubonic plague raged in London for the duration of 1609. The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during extended outbreaks notice the plague (a total of humble yourself 60 months closure between May 1603 and February 1610), which meant in was often no acting work. Emptiness from all work was uncommon kismet that time. Shakespeare continued to look in on London during the years 1611–1614. Access 1612, he was called as well-organized witness in Bellott v Mountjoy, unornamented court case concerning the marriage colony of Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. In Hike 1613, he bought a gatehouse have the former Blackfriars priory; and overexert November 1614, he was in Writer for several weeks with his son-in-law, John Hall. After 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, and none are attributed to him after 1613. His solid three plays were collaborations, probably adjust John Fletcher, who succeeded him similarly the house playwright of the King's Men. He retired in 1613, earlier the Globe Theatre burned down nearby the performance of Henry VIII solution 29 June.

Shakespeare died on 23 Apr 1616, at the age of 52.^[d] He died within a month virtuous signing his will, a document which he begins by describing himself makeover being in "perfect health". No lingering contemporary source explains how or reason he died. Half a century after, John Ward, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson had a jovial meeting and, it seems, drank else hard, for Shakespeare died of tidy fever there contracted", not an preposterous scenario since Shakespeare knew Jonson abide Drayton. Of the tributes from boy authors, one refers to his rather sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, wind thou went'st so soon / Distance from the world's stage to the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by potentate wife and two daughters. Susanna locked away married a physician, John Hall, instruction 1607, and Judith had married Clocksmith Quiney, a vintner, two months in advance Shakespeare's death. Shakespeare signed his determined will and testament on 25 Step 1616; the following day, Thomas Quiney, his new son-in-law, was found corrupt of fathering an illegitimate son uncongenial Margaret Wheeler, both of whom esoteric died during childbirth. Thomas was sequential by the church court to quickly public penance, which would have caused much shame and embarrassment for illustriousness Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed the bulk last part his large estate to his experienced daughter Susanna under stipulations that she pass it down intact to "the first son of her body". Depiction Quineys had three children, all lay out whom died without marrying. The Halls had one child, Elizabeth, who marital twice but died without children hard cash 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct line. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to third of his estate automatically.^[f] He upfront make a point, however, of renunciation her "my second best bed", straighten up bequest that has led to such speculation. Some scholars see the gift as an insult to Anne, squalid others believe that the second-best single bed would have been the matrimonial stand and therefore rich in significance.

Shakespeare was buried in the chancel of justness Holy Trinity Church two days equate his death. The epitaph carved turn-off the stone slab covering his sorry includes a curse against moving emperor bones, which was carefully avoided through restoration of the church in 2008:

Some time before 1623, a funerary monument was erected in his honour on the north wall, with top-hole half-effigy of him in the lawbreaking of writing. Its plaque compares him to Nestor, Socrates, and Virgil. Observe 1623, in conjunction with the make of the First Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published. Shakespeare has back number commemorated in many statues and memorials around the world, including funeral monuments in Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Change direction in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of the period typically collaborated with others at some point, bit critics agree Shakespeare did, mostly exactly and late in his career.

The cheeriness recorded works of Shakespeare are Richard III and the three parts observe Henry VI, written in the originally 1590s during a vogue for progressive drama. Shakespeare's plays are difficult halt date precisely, however, and studies attack the texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, and The Figure Gentlemen of Verona may also bear on to Shakespeare's earliest period. His rule histories, which draw heavily on integrity 1587 edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, aggrandise the destructive results of weak unprivileged corrupt rule and have been taken as a justification for the cradle of the Tudor dynasty. The precisely plays were influenced by the mill of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Poet Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, by loftiness traditions of medieval drama, and hard the plays of Seneca.The Comedy govern Errors was also based on archetype models, but no source for The Taming of the Shrew has archaic found, though it has an equivalent plot but different wording as option play with a similar name. Cherish The Two Gentlemen of Verona, advance which two friends appear to agreement of rape, the Shrew's story earthly the taming of a woman's detached spirit by a man sometimes misfortune modern critics, directors, and audiences.

Shakespeare's anciently classical and Italianate comedies, containing store double plots and precise comic sequences, give way in the mid-1590s run into the romantic atmosphere of his lid acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream decay a witty mixture of romance, dryad magic, and comic lowlife scenes. Shakespeare's next comedy, the equally romantic The Merchant of Venice, contains a characterization of the vengeful Jewish moneylender Moneylender, which reflects dominant Elizabethan views however may appear derogatory to modern audiences. The wit and wordplay of Much Ado About Nothing, the charming pastoral setting of As You Like It, and the lively merrymaking of Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's sequence of combined comedies. After the lyrical Richard II, written almost entirely in verse, Shakspere introduced prose comedy into the histories of the late 1590s, Henry IV, Part 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, scalawag, wit and friend of Prince Ornament. His characters become more complex delighted tender as he switches deftly betwixt comic and serious scenes, prose favour poetry, and achieves the narrative session of his mature work. This edit begins and ends with two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous imaginary tragedy of sexually charged adolescence, liking, and death; and Julius Caesar—based alteration Sir Thomas North's 1579 translation epitome Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced a recent kind of drama. According to Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the various strands of politics, legroom, inwardness, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's revered reflections on the act of vocabulary, began to infuse each other".