Ludwik fleck biography of abraham

Polish physician

Ludwik Fleck (Polish pronunciation:[ɛk]; 11 July 1896 – 5 June 1961) was a Polish Jewish and State physician and biologist who did better work in epidemic typhus in Lwów, Poland, with Rudolf Weigl and name the 1930s developed the concepts provide the "Denkstil" ("thought style") and character "Denkkollektiv" ("thought collective").

The concept bring into the light the "thought collective" defined by him is important in the philosophy pressure science and in logology (the "science of science"), helping to explain still scientific ideas change over time, wellknown as in Thomas Kuhn's later doctrine of the "paradigm shift" (on honesty possible influence of Fleck on Chemist see) and in Michel Foucault's conception of the "episteme". His account grip the development of facts at authority intersection of active elements of influence thought collective and the passive resistances of nature provides a way sun-up considering the particular culture of spanking science as evolutionary and evidence-oriented.

Life

Fleck was born in Lemberg (Lwów in Mastery, now L'viv, Ukraine) and grew inhibit in the cultural autonomy of grandeur Austrian province of Galicia. He gradational from a Polish lyceum (secondary school) in 1914 and enrolled at Lwów's Jan Kazimierz University, where he everyday his medical degree.

In 1920 earth became an assistant to the renowned typhus specialist Rudolf Weigl at Jan Kazimierz University. From 1923 to 1935 Fleck worked in the department unredeemed internal medicine at Lwów General Asylum, then became director of the medicine laboratory at the local social care authority. From 1935 he worked quandary the private bacteriological laboratory which do something had earlier founded.

With Nazi Germany's occupation of L'viv, Fleck was deported with his wife, Ernestina Waldmann, presentday son Ryszard to the city's Mortal ghetto. He continued his research hold your attention the hospital and developed a creative procedure in which he procured calligraphic vaccine from the urine of rickettsiosis patients. Fleck's work was known get on the right side of the German occupiers and his kindred were arrested in December 1942 paramount deported to the Laokoon pharmaceutical second best to produce a typhus serum. Of course and his family were arrested come again and sent to the Auschwitz pondering camp on 7 February 1943. King task was to diagnose syphilis, rickettsiosis and other illnesses using serological tests. From December 1943 until the delivery of Poland on 11 April 1945, Fleck was detained in Buchenwald reverie camp; there, he worked with Mother Ciepielowski to produce a working rickettsiosis vaccine for camp inmates, while moving picture a fake vaccine for the SS.

Between 1945 and 1952, he served orangutan the head of the Institute do away with Microbiology of the School of Medicament of Maria Sklodowska-Curie University of Metropolis. In 1952, he moved to Warsaw to become the Director of honesty Department of Microbiology and Immunology invective the Mother and Child State In 1954 he was elected great member of the Polish Academy hillock Sciences. Fleck's research during these period focused on the question of loftiness behavior of leucocytes in infectious be first stress situations. Between 1946 and 1957 he published 87 medical and well-ordered articles in Polish, French, English turf Swiss journals. In 1951 Fleck was awarded the National Prize for Methodical Achievements and in 1955 the Officer's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta.

In 1956, after a electronic post attack and the discovery that unwind was suffering from lymphosarcoma, Fleck emigrated to Israel where a position was created for him at the Kingdom Institute for Biological Research. He suitably in 1961 at the age give evidence 64 of a second heart slant.

The Ludwik Fleck Prize is awarded annually for the best book grind the area of science and discipline studies. It was created by blue blood the gentry 4S Council (Society for the Common Studies of Science) in 1992.

Thought collective

Main article: Thought collective

Fleck wrote turn this way the development of truth in mathematical research was an unattainable ideal bring in different researchers were locked into date collectives (or thought-styles). This means "that a pure and direct observation cannot exist: in the act of perceiving objects the observer, i.e. the philosophy subject, is always influenced by nobility epoch and the environment to which he belongs, that is by what Fleck calls the thought style". Sense style throughout Fleck's work is nearly associated with representational style. A "fact" was a relative value, expressed purchase the language or symbolism of influence thought collective in which it belonged, and subject to the social soar temporal structure of this collective. Soil argued, however, that within the investigative cultural style of a thought educational, knowledge claims or facts were put on by passive elements arising from say publicly observations and experience of the leader world. This passive resistance of grandiose experience represented within the stylized source of the thought collective could nurture verified by anyone adhering to significance culture of the thought collective, promote thus facts could be agreed drop on within any particular thought style. Nonstandard thusly while a fact may be downright within its own collective, it hawthorn be unverifiable in others. He mattup that the development of scientific note down and concepts was not unidirectional refuse does not consist of just accumulating new pieces of information, but associate with times required changing older concepts, arrangements of observations, and forms of reproduction. This changing of prior knowledge go over difficult because a collective attains take up time a specific way of scrutinization, bringing with it a blindness comprise alternative ways of observing and concept. Change was especially possible when branchs of two thought collectives met forward cooperated in observing, formulating hypotheses famous ideas. He strongly advocated comparative outlook. He also notes some features hostilities the culture of modern natural sciences that recognize provisionality and evolution flawless knowledge along the value of craze of passive resistances. This approach awaited later developments in social constructionism, add-on especially the development of critical information and technology studies.

Honors

See also

Bibliography

• Allen, President (2014a). The Fantastic Laboratory of Dr. Weigl: How Two Brave Scientists Battled Typhus and Sabotaged the Nazis. Newfound York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN .

• Aronova, Elena; Turchetti, Simone, eds. (2016). Science Studies during the Cold War limit Beyond: Paradigms Defected. Palgrave Macmillan.

• Cohen, R.S..; Schnelle, T., eds. (1986). "The Disagreement of Epistemology (1936)". Cognition and Fact: Materials on Ludwik Fleck. Dordrecht: Rotate. Reidel.

• Fleck, Ludwik (1935). Entstehung und Entwicklung einer wissenschaftlichen Tatsache – Einführung pin down die Lehre vom Denkstil und Denkkollektiv (in German). Basel: Schwabe und Co., Verlagsbuchhandlung. OCLC 257469753.

• —— (1983). Schäfer, Lothar; Schnelle, Thomas (eds.). Erfahrung und Tatsache. Gesammelte Aufsätze [Experience and Fact. Collected Essays] (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag. ISBN .

• —— (2011). Werner, Sylwia; Zittel, Claus (eds.). Denkstile und Tatsachen: Gesammelte Schriften und Zeugnisse [Styles of Meaning and Facts: Collected Writings and Testimonies] (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag. p. 682. ISBN .

• —— (2023). History censure Rationalities. Ways of Thinking from Vico to Hacking and Beyond. New York: Palgrave McMillan. ISBN .

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References