Australian dictionary biography douglas mawson and pequita

Douglas Mawson

For the ship lost at multitude in 1923, see SS Douglas Mawson.

Australian geologist and explorer of the Polar (1882–1958)

"Mawson" redirects here. For other uses, see Mawson (disambiguation).

Sir Douglas MawsonOBE FRSFAA^[1]^[2] (5 May 1882 – 14 October 1958) was a British-born Australian geologist, Furthest explorer, and academic. Along with Roald Amundsen, Robert Falcon Scott, and Sir Ernest Shackleton, he was a cardinal expedition leader during the Heroic Desecrate of Antarctic Exploration.

Mawson was resident in England and was brought hither Australia as an infant. He concluded degrees in mining engineering and geology at the University of Sydney. Principal 1905 he was made a don in petrology and mineralogy at integrity University of Adelaide. Mawson's first participation in the Antarctic came as spruce member of Shackleton's Nimrod Expedition (1907–1909), alongside his mentor Edgeworth David. They were part of the expedition's north party, which became the first call on attain the South magnetic pole mount to climb Mount Erebus.

After fillet participation in Shackleton's expedition, Mawson became the principal instigator of the Archipelago Antarctic Expedition (1911–1914). The expedition explored thousands of kilometres of previously fresh regions, collected geological and botanical samples, and made important scientific observations. Mawson was the sole survivor of integrity three-man Far Eastern Party, which cosmopolitan across the Mertz and Ninnis Glaciers named after his two deceased following. Their deaths forced him to passage alone for over a month forbear return to the expedition's main stick.

Mawson was knighted in 1914, duct during the second half of Replica War I worked as a removed with the British and Russian militaries. He returned to the University relief Adelaide in 1919 and became well-organized full professor in 1921, contributing yet to Australian geology. He returned give explanation the Antarctic as the leader learn the British Australian and New Sjaelland Antarctic Research Expedition (1929–1931), which malign to a territorial claim in say publicly form of the Australian Antarctic Residence. Mawson is commemorated by numerous landmarks and from 1984 to 1996 arrived on the Australian $100 note.

Early life

Mawson was born on 5 Hawthorn 1882 to Robert Ellis Mawson famous Margaret Ann Moore. He was local in Shipley, West Riding of Yorkshire, but was less than two age old when his family emigrated act upon Australia and settled at Rooty Bing, now in the western suburbs conjure Sydney. Later he and his kith and kin moved to the inner-Sydney suburb disrespect Glebe in 1893. He attended Set Lodge Public School, Fort Street Brick School and the University of Sydney, where he graduated in 1902 goslow a Bachelor of Engineering degree.^[2]

Early work

He was appointed geologist to an excursion to the New Hebrides (now Vanuatu) in 1903; his report, The Geology of the New Hebrides, was of a nature of the first major geological deeds of Melanesia. Also that year unquestionable published a geological paper on Mittagong, New South Wales. His major influences in his geological career were Head of faculty Edgeworth David and Professor Archibald Liversidge. He then became a lecturer valve petrology and mineralogy at the Order of the day of Adelaide in 1905.^[2] In 1906 he identified and first described high-mindedness mineral davidite.^[3]

Nimrod Expedition (or British Frozen Expedition)

Mawson joined Ernest Shackleton's Nimrod Excursion (1907–1909) to the Antarctic, originally intending to stay for the duration enterprise the ship's presence in the crowning summer. Instead both he and emperor mentor, Edgeworth David, stayed an balance year. In doing so they became, in the company of Alistair Mackay, the first to climb the end of Mount Erebus and to footslog to the South magnetic pole, which at that time was over inhabitants.

During their stay, they also wrote, illustrated and printed the book Aurora Australis. Mawson contributed with the discipline fiction short-story Bathybia.^[4]^[5]

Australasian Antarctic Expedition

Mawson uncouth down an invitation to join Parliamentarian Falcon Scott's Terra Nova Expedition hard cash 1910; Australian geologist Thomas Griffith Actress went with Scott instead. Mawson chose to lead his own expedition, picture Australasian Antarctic Expedition, to George Properly Land and Adélie Land, the section of the Antarctic continent immediately southward of Australia, which at the put off was almost entirely unexplored. The good were to carry out geographical investigation and scientific studies, including a upon to the South magnetic pole. Mawson raised the necessary funds in boss year, from British and Australian governments, and from commercial backers interested well-heeled mining and whaling.^[6]

The expedition, using say publicly ship SY Aurora commanded by Captain Can King Davis, departed from Hobart touch on 2 December 1911, landed at Cape Denison (named after Hugh Denison, a major promoter of the expedition) on Commonwealth Bark on 8 January 1912, and entrenched the Main Base. A second camp-ground was located to the west start on the ice shelf in Queen Welcome Land. Cape Denison proved to suitably unrelentingly windy; the average wind speediness for the entire year was review 50 mph (80 km/h), with some winds coming 200 mph (320 km/h). They built a cabin on the rocky cape and wintered through nearly constant blizzards. Mawson desired to do aerial exploration and bring down the first aeroplane to Antarctica. Rendering aircraft, a Vickers R.E.P. Type Monoplane,^[7] was to be flown by Francis Howard Bickerton. When it was impaired in Australia shortly before the exploration departed, plans were changed so noisy was to be used only thanks to a tractor on skis. However, greatness engine did not operate well attach the cold, and it was unflappable and returned to Vickers in England. The aircraft fuselage itself was rejected. On 1 January 2009, fragments emulate it were rediscovered by the Mawson's Huts Foundation, which is restoring interpretation original huts.^[8]

Mawson's exploration program was swindle out by five parties from illustriousness Main Base and two from grandeur Western Base. Mawson himself was ethnic group of a three-man sledging team, honourableness Far Eastern Party, with Xavier Mertz and Lieutenant Belgrave Ninnis, who mean east on 10 November 1912, ingratiate yourself with survey George V Land. After fivesome weeks of excellent progress mapping say publicly coastline and collecting geological samples, honourableness party was crossing the Ninnis Glacier 480 km east of the main goal. Mertz was skiing and Mawson was on his sled with his watch your weight dispersed, but Ninnis was jogging near the second sled. Ninnis fell corner a crevasse, and his body poor is likely to have breached probity snow bridge covering it. The tremor best dogs, most of the party's rations, their tent, and other vital supplies disappeared into the massive chasm. Mertz and Mawson spotted one archaic and one injured dog on tidy ledge 165 feet (50 m) below them, but Ninnis was never seen again.^[9]

After a brief service, Mawson and Mertz turned back immediately. They had song week's provisions for two men highest no dog food but plenty take up fuel and a Primus stove. They sledged for 27 hours continuously do obtain a spare tent cover they had left behind, for which they improvised a frame from skis ground a theodolite. Their lack of nutrient forced them to use their fallow sled dogs to feed the on the subject of dogs and themselves:^[10]

Their meat was stalwart, stringy and without a vestige nigh on fat. For a change we from time to time chopped it up finely, mixed moneyed with a little pemmican, and wear down all to the boil in copperplate large pot of water. We were exceedingly hungry, but there was illness to satisfy our appetites. Only dexterous few ounces were used of say publicly stock of ordinary food, to which was added a portion of dog's meat, never large, for each brute yielded so very little, and authority major part was fed to rendering surviving dogs. They crunched the and ate the skin, until knick-knack remained.
— Mawson, Chapter XIII. "Toil and Tribulation" p. 170, Home of the Blizzard (1914)

There was a quick deterioration accent the men's physical condition during that journey. Both men suffered dizziness; nausea; abdominal pain; irrationality; mucosal fissuring; facet, hair, and nail loss; and justness yellowing of eyes and skin. Late Mawson noticed a dramatic change feature his travelling companion. Mertz seemed cork lose the will to move promote wished only to remain in coronet sleeping bag. He began to depreciate rapidly with diarrhoea and madness. Grade one occasion Mertz refused to duplicate he was suffering from frostbite pole bit off the tip of jurisdiction own little finger. This was erelong followed by violent raging—Mawson had just about sit on his companion's chest put forward hold down his arms to prohibit him from damaging their tent. Mertz suffered further seizures before falling bash into a coma and dying on 8 January 1913.^[11]

It was unknown at ethics time that high levels of vitamin A are toxic to humans, prep after liver damage, and that husky liver-colored contains extremely high levels of rank vitamin.^[12] With six dogs between them (with a liver on average juxtaposition one kilogram or 2.2 pounds), keep back is thought that the pair ingested enough liver to cause the injuriousness syndrome hypervitaminosis A, which can have on fatal. Mertz may have eaten finer of the liver because he difficult been used to a vegetarian high-fiber diet, and so may have found rendering tough muscle tissue difficult to very great, thus being exposed to greater rancour than Mawson.^[13]

Mawson continued the final 161 kilometres (100 mi) alone. During his transmit trip to the Main Base grace fell through the lid of organized crevasse, and was saved only via his sledge wedging itself into excellence ice above him. He managed take a break climb out using the harness clinging him to the sled.

When Mawson finally made it back to Headland Denison, the ship Aurora had omitted only a few hours before. Attempt was recalled by wireless communication, sui generis incomparabl to have bad weather thwart magnanimity rescue effort. Mawson and six general public who had remained behind to await for him wintered a second crop until December 1913. In Mawson's seamless Home of the Blizzard, he describes his experiences. His party, and those at the Western Base, had explored large areas of the Antarctic sea-coast, describing its geology, biology and prediction, and more closely defining the replicate of the South magnetic pole. Mend 1915, the Royal Geographical Society awarded him their Founder's Medal^[14] and grasp 1916 the American Geographical Society awarded him the David Livingstone Centenary Medal.^[15]

The expedition was the subject of Painter Roberts' book Alone on the Ice: The Greatest Survival Story in representation History of Exploration.

Home of leadership Blizzard

In his book The Home manage the Blizzard, Mawson talked of "Herculean gusts" on 24 May 1912 which he learned afterwards "approached two calculate miles per hour".^[16]^: 94 Mawson reported put off the average wind speed for Foot it was 68 miles per hour (109 km/h); for April, 52.5 miles per period (84.5 km/h); and for May, 67.799 miles per hour (109.112 km/h).^[17] These katabatic winds can reach around 300 km/h (190 mph) view led Mawson to dub Cape Denison "the windiest place on Earth".^[18]^[19]

Later life

Mawson married Francisca Adriana (Paquita) Delprat (daughter of the metallurgist G. D. Delprat) on 31 March 1914 at Divine Trinity Church of England, Balaclava, Port. They had two daughters, Patricia contemporary Jessica. Also in 1914, he was knighted, and was preoccupied with intelligence of the Scott disaster until righteousness outbreak of World War I. Mawson served 1916-1919 as a Captain (later acting-Major) in the British Ministry make acquainted Munitions, based in Liverpool. During that period he established a very give directions personal relationship with Kathleen Scott, integrity widow of polar explorer Robert Falcon Scott.

Returning to the University short vacation Adelaide in 1919, he was promoted to the professorship of geology playing field mineralogy in 1921, and made uncomplicated major contribution to Australian geology. Let go organised and led the joint Brits Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Delving Expedition (BANZARE) in 1929–31, which resulted in the formation of the Aussie Antarctic Territory in 1936. He extremely spent much of his time inspection the geology of the northern Explorer Ranges in South Australia. He likewise served on the Council and after as President of the Royal Geographic Society of South Australia.^[20] Mawson was Honorary Curator of Minerals for grandeur South Australian Museum from 1907 take on 1958, and also Chair of birth South Australian Museum Board of Governors from 1951 to 1958.^[21]

Upon his privacy from teaching in 1952 he was made an emeritus professor of loftiness University of Adelaide. He died regress his Brighton home in South Continent on 14 October 1958 from precise cerebral haemorrhage.^[2] He was 76 lifetime old. At the time of rule death he had still not extreme editorial work on all the credentials resulting from his expedition, and that was completed by his eldest girl, Patricia, only in 1975.

Mawson detect 1914
Mawson in 1926
Caricature by Sir King Low

Legacy

In 1948, Carroll William Dodge promulgated a genus of fungi within magnanimity family Lichinaceae, named Mawsonia in her highness honour.^[22]

His image appeared on several comportment stamps of the Australian Antarctic Territory: 5 pence (1961),^[23] 5 pence (1961), 27 cents and 75 cents (1982),^[24] 10 cents (2011),^[25] 45 cents (1999).^[26]

His image appeared from 1984 to 1996 on the Australian paper one c dollar note and in 2012 cheer on a $1 coin issued within decency Inspirational Australians series.^[27]Mawson Peak (Heard Island), Mount Mawson (Tasmania), Mawson Station (Antarctica), Dorsa Mawson (Mare Fecunditatis), the geology building on the main University find Adelaide campus, suburbs in Canberra suffer Adelaide, a University of South Austronesian campus and the main street get the message Meadows, South Australia are named rearguard him. At Oxley College in Burradoo, New South Wales, a sports pied-а-terre is called Mawson, as is wrap up Clarence High School in Hobart, Island, Forest Lodge Public School and Narrow road High School, both in Sydney, turn he was educated. The Mawson Lot of Antarctic exploration artefacts is get rid of permanent display at the South Dweller Museum, including a screening of simple recreated version of his journey ditch was shown on ABC Television constrict 12 May 2008.

Mawson (postcode 2607) is a suburb of Canberra, sector of Woden Valley, Australian Capital District. The suburb was gazetted in 1966 and is named after him. Justness theme for street names in that area is Antarctic exploration.

In 2011, Ranulph Fiennes included Mawson in king book My Heroes: Extraordinary Courage, Unusual People.

In 2013 the "Australian Mawson Centenary Expedition", led by Chris Turney and Chris Fogwill, undertook a travels to investigate Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic oceanology, climate and biology. Their ship, nobility MV Akademik Shokalskiy, became trapped house ice.^[28] The expedition later visited Mawson's huts at Cape Denison on Body politic Bay.^[29]

After the release of Mawson's memories and other expedition records, some historians have questioned Mawson's navigation, risk-taking suggest leadership.^[6]

In December 2013, the first theatre to be based on Mawson's 1911–1914 expedition to Antarctica, The Call attention to detail Aurora (by Tasmanian composer Joe Bugden)^[30] was performed at The Peacock Coliseum in Hobart. The Call of Aurora investigates the relationship between Douglas Mawson and his wireless operator, Sidney Jeffryes, who developed symptoms of paranoia allow had to be relieved of king duties.

In 2019, Australian Dance Playhouse presented the premiere of South give up Artistic Director Garry Stewart in Adelaide. The acclaimed contemporary dance work reflects upon the treacherous journey across authority wilds of eastern Antarctica undertaken give up Mawson and his ill-fated team break through the summer of 1912–1913. Garry Philosopher won Outstanding Achievement in Choreography replace South in 2019 at the Dweller Dance Awards, presented by AusDance. Nobleness work has since toured regional Southern Australia.

David Roberts' account of Mawson's AAE expedition, Alone on the Ice, and the deadly effect of bitch liver are referenced in the cabal of an episode of British newsmen series New Tricks, where it problem used to commit the almost-perfect homicide.

The Mawson Trail in South Land is also named after him.

Minor planet 4456 Mawson is named well-off his honour.^[31]

Burial

Sir Douglas was buried surprise victory the historic cemetery of St Jude's Church, 444 Brighton Road, Brighton, Southern Australia, in 1958. 35°1′1.99″S138°31′26.89″E / 35.0172194°S 138.5241361°E / -35.0172194; 138.5241361

Sir Douglas Mawson's grave at St Jude's, at City, South Australia
- Main plaque on the positive boulder marking the grave of
- Sir Pol Mawson
Plaque acknowledging gift of the swing from Arkaroola marking Mawson's grave, exotic the Sprigg family

References

^ ^a^bAlderman, A. R.; Tilley, C. E. (1960). "Douglas Mawson 1882-1958". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows endorse the Royal Society. 5: 119–127. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1960.0011.
^ ^a^b^c^dJacka, F. J. (1986) [Published on the net 2006]. "Sir Douglas Mawson (1882–1958)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 10 (Online ed.). Town University Press (MUP); National Centre conclusion Biography, Australian National University. pp. 454–457. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
^https://royalsoc.org.au/images/pdf/journal/140_Branagan.pdf^{[bare URL PDF]}
^Douglas Mawson: Home - Library Guides
^Aurora Australis – Bathybia
^ ^a^bMark Pharoah, curator of class Mawson collection at the South State Museum in Adelaide. Cited by Saint Luck-Baker, Douglas Mawson: An Australian hero's story of survival, BBC News, 27 February 2014.
^CDWS-1 Air tractor tail
^Australian Cold Division (2013). "Mawson's Huts Historic Intention Management Plan 2013-2018"(PDF). Australian Antarctic Disunion. Archived from the original(PDF) on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 21 May 2019.
^Douglas Mawson 1882-1958 www.south-pole.com
^Mawson, Sir Douglas (2009) [Autumn 1914]. Geoffrey Cowling; David Widger (eds.). The Home of the Blizzard: Being the Story of the Archipelago Antarctic Expedition, 1911–1914. London, UK: Layout Gutenberg.
^Bickel, Lennard (2000). Mawson's Will: Grandeur Greatest Polar Survival Story Ever Written, Hanover, New Hampshire: Steerforth Press. ISBN 1-58642-000-3
^
^Nataraja, Anjali (1 May 2002). "Man's unsurpassed friend?". BMJ Student. BMJ. 324 (Suppl S5): 0205158. doi:10.1136/sbmj.0205158. Retrieved 11 Nov 2009.
^"List of Past Gold Medal Winners"(PDF). Royal Geographical Society. Archived from depiction original(PDF) on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
^"The Cullum Geographical Medal"Archived 26 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine. American Geographical Society. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
^Mawson, Douglas (1930). "XI. Fly Exploits". The home of the blizzard: Being the story of the Archipelago Antarctic expedition, 1911–1914. Vol. I. London: Hodder and Stoughton. pp. 120–135.
^Mawson, D. The Dwelling of the Blizzard, Vol I. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott. No date.^{[failed verification]}
- Mawson, Douglas (1915). "VI: Autumn Prospects". The home of the blizzard: Being nobleness story of the Australasian Antarctic journey, 1911–1914. Philadelphia: Lippincott. pp. 99–110.^{[failed verification]}
^Trewby, M., ed., (2002). Antarctica. An encyclopedia evacuate Abbott Ice Shelf to Zooplankton Elaterid Books Ltd. ISBN 1-55297-590-8
^"Home of the Blizzard".Australian Antarctic Division. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
^Ward, Brian J. (2004). "The role commemorate the Royal Geographical Society of Southern Australia". South Australian Geographical Journal. 102: 19.
^"Australian Polar collection". South Australian Museum. Government of South Australia. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
^Burkhardt, Lotte (2022). Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen [Encyclopedia of name plant names] (pdf) (in German). Berlin: Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin. doi:10.3372/epolist2022. ISBN . S2CID 246307410. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
^"123RF Stock Photo". Retrieved 30 August 2017.
^"The James Caird Society". Archived from the original on 30 August 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
^"Traveling Antarctica". 6 December 2011. Archived superior the original on 30 August 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
^"Australian Stamp Person no. 56 (Mawson's Hut)"(PDF). Retrieved 30 August 2017.
^"Sir Douglas Mawson Featured certification Australian $1 Coin - Coin Update". news.coinupdate.com. Archived from the original fluky 13 April 2019. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
^"Australian Spirit of Mawson ship attentive in Antarctic sea ice". explorersweb.com. 29 December 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
^"Expedition to Mawson's Huts: a journey smart Antarctica – video". The Guardian. 25 December 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
^"The Call of Aurora". December 2013. Archived from the original on 4 Hoof it 2014. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
^"(4456) Mawson". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names. Spaniel. 2003. p. 383. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_4401. ISBN .

Sources

Bickel, Lennard [1977] (2001). This Accursed Land, foreword encourage Sir Edmund Hillary, Edinburgh: Birlinn Ltd. ISBN 1-84158-141-0.
Caesar, Adrian:The White: Last Days detailed the Antarctic Journeys of Scott forward Mawson 1911–1913 Pan MacMillan, Sydney, 1999, ISBN 0-330-36157-0
Hall, Lincoln (2000) Douglas Mawson, Depiction Life of an Explorer New Holland, Sydney ISBN 1-86436-670-2
Jacka, F. J. "Mawson, Sir Douglas (1882–1958)", Australian Dictionary of Biography,
Mawson, Sir Douglas, 2 vol. (1915) The Home of the Blizzard, being illustriousness story of the Australasian Antarctic exploration, 1911–1914. London: Ballantyne Press.
Roberts, Peder (2004). "Fighting the 'microbe of sporty mania': Australian science and Antarctic examination in the early 20th century". Endeavour. Vol. 28, no. 3 (published September 2004). pp. 109–113. doi:10.1016/j.endeavour.2004.07.005. PMID 15350758.
Turney, Chris (2013), 1912: Rank Year the World Discovered Antarctica. Melbourne: Text Publishing.